ABSTRACT
Background@#With emergence of chatbots to help authors with scientific writings, editors should have tools to identify artificial intelligence-generated texts. GPTZero is among the first websites that has sought media attention claiming to differentiate machine-generated from human-written texts. @*Methods@#Using 20 text pieces generated by ChatGPT in response to arbitrary questions on various topics in medicine and 30 pieces chosen from previously published medical articles, the performance of GPTZero was assessed. @*Results@#GPTZero had a sensitivity of 0.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.85); specificity, 0.90 (0.73–0.98); accuracy, 0.80 (0.66–0.90); and positive and negative likelihood ratios, 6.5 (2.1–19.9) and 0.4 (0.2–0.7), respectively. @*Conclusion@#GPTZero has a low false-positive (classifying a human-written text as machinegenerated) and a high false-negative rate (classifying a machine-generated text as human-written).
ABSTRACT
Plagiarism is among the prevalent misconducts reported in scientific writing and common causes of article retraction in scholarly journals. Plagiarism of idea is not acceptable by any means. However, plagiarism of text is a matter of debate from culture to culture. Herein, I wish to reflect on a bird’s eye view of plagiarism, particularly plagiarism of text, in scientific writing. Text similarity score as a signal of text plagiarism is not an appropriate index and an expert should examine the similarity with enough scrutiny. Text recycling in certain instances might be acceptable in scientific writing provided that the authors could correctly construe the text piece they borrowed. With introduction of artificial intelligence-based units, which help authors to write their manuscripts, the incidence of text plagiarism might increase.However, after a while, when a universal artificial unit takes over, no one will need to worry about text plagiarism as the incentive to commit plagiarism will be abolished, I believe.
ABSTRACT
Plagiarism is among commonly identified scientific misconducts in submitted manuscripts.Some journals routinely check the level of text similarity in the submitted manuscripts at the time of submission and reject the submission on the fly if the text similarity score exceeds a set cut-off value (e.g., 20%). Herein, I present a manuscript with 32% text similarity, yet without any instances of text plagiarism. This underlines the fact that text similarity is not necessarily tantamount to text plagiarism. Every instance of text similarity should be examined with scrutiny by a trained person in the editorial office. A high text similarity score does not always imply plagiarism; a low score, on the other hand, does not guarantee absence of plagiarism. There is no cut-off for text similarity to imply text plagiarism.
ABSTRACT
For the past 90 years all asymptomatic hydatid cysts of the liver are routinely removed surgically to prevent serious complication. The mortality of such operations are above 6 percent, while major complications of untreated liver hydatid cysts are less than 6 percent. The best way to manage incidentally discovered asymptomatic liver hydatid cysts is to fully understand their natural history: 1] the pericyst layer surrounding most liver hydatid cysts will become thicker and calcified. Such changes are known as PDCs [Pericyst Degenerative Changes] on computed tomography [CT] and indicate that these cysts can no longer grow in size and, therefore, need not to be operated upon. They can be followed up by CT [not sonography or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]] at intervals of 1-5 years, and no sooner, to avoid radiation exposure. Albendazole can be prescribed for them under supervision if they show no PDCs on CT. Mild, intermittent pain of abdomen or flank is not a sign of complication. 2] The inside field of hydatid cysts on CT and not sonography or MRI] should be inspected at intervals of 1-5 years. Finding any structures [usually some lines] suggests that there has been detachment of the parasite from the host, called LMD[Laminated Membrane Detachment]. These cysts will reach involution or develop daughter cysts over next 10 years, and also need not to be operated upon. Patients who develop jaundice, sever pain and fever, or have air in their cysts on CT, or have developed complications need to be operated upon, including ERCP [Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography]
ABSTRACT
Scientific journals are important scholarly forums for sharing research findings. Editors have important roles in safeguarding standards of scientific publication and should be familiar with correct presentation of results, among other core competencies. Editors do not have access to the raw data and should thus rely on clues in the submitted manuscripts. To identify probable errors, they should look for inconsistencies in presented results. Common statistical problems that can be picked up by a knowledgeable manuscript editor are discussed in this article. Manuscripts should contain a detailed section on statistical analyses of the data. Numbers should be reported with appropriate precisions. Standard error of the mean (SEM) should not be reported as an index of data dispersion. Mean (standard deviation [SD]) and median (interquartile range [IQR]) should be used for description of normally and non-normally distributed data, respectively. If possible, it is better to report 95% confidence interval (CI) for statistics, at least for main outcome variables. And, P values should be presented, and interpreted with caution, if there is a hypothesis. To advance knowledge and skills of their members, associations of journal editors are better to develop training courses on basic statistics and research methodology for non-experts. This would in turn improve research reporting and safeguard the body of scientific evidence.
Subject(s)
Confidence Intervals , Editorial Policies , Journalism , Normal Distribution , Peer Review , Publications , Research Design , Research ReportABSTRACT
For many scientometrics studies, say to assess contribution of nations to science production, it is not only important to figure out who did what, but is also important to determine where one is from. While providing answer to this question is not difficult for contemporary researchers, the origin of some ancient scholars is sometimes not completely clear for many reasons including historical obscurity. Several factors including the birth place, burial place, language, etc. are among important factors to be considered in determining the origin of a person, but we show that none of these factors are very helpful. We believe that the key factor to be considered is the self-expressed answer of the person if he would have been asked "where are you from?"-the passport sign
ABSTRACT
Hematocrit and red blood cell count can be easily measured with an acceptable accuracy in most rural health care centers. A linear regression analysis was performed on the hemoglobin [dependent variable] and hematocrit [independent variable] levels of 22 patients with isolated iron-deficiency anemia, 26 known cases of isolated beta -thalassemia trait, and 25 normal individuals. It was found that the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration [MCHC] has an almost constant value of 33 g/dL in the three conditions studied. The relative error was below 3% in determining the Hb concentration from hematocrit among normal people and patients with either iron deficiency or minor beta -thalassemia. Using this finding, we tried to explain how to derive other important hematological indices, i.e. blood hemoglobin level, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin from hematocrit and red blood cell count, with an acceptable accuracy in the situations studied. This could be considered as a useful method to determine blood hemoglobin concentration in rural health care centers without recouse to Coulter analyzers